The Cellular Basis of Action Potentials: Ion Gradients, Channels, Refractoriness, and Conduction

Abstract

A review of resting ion gradients, voltage-gated channels, refractoriness, axon initial-segment physiology, myelin, and saltatory conduction. It frames the action potential as a dynamic systems event rather than a fixed cellular property.

Educational notice: This abstract is for scientific education only. It is not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment guidance.