Neural Tube Defects: Multifactorial Risk, Prevention Evidence, and the Limits of Prevention

Abstract

A synthesis of neural tube defect epidemiology, multifactorial risk, folic acid prevention evidence, and the limits of prevention. It emphasizes population-level evidence while avoiding case-specific causal or prognostic claims.

Educational notice: This abstract is for scientific education only. It is not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment guidance.